Ukadaulo wamagetsi osasinthika (UPS) wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kwazaka zambiri kuthandizira kupitilizabe kugwira ntchito kwa katundu wofunikira panthawi ya kusokonezedwa kwa magetsi kuchokera pagululi. Machitidwewa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti apereke chitetezo chowonjezera ku zosokoneza za gridi zomwe zimasokoneza kugwira ntchito kwa katundu wotchulidwa. Makina a UPS nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza makompyuta, zida zamakompyuta ndi zida zoyankhulirana. Ndi kusinthika kwaposachedwa kwa matekinoloje atsopano amagetsi, makina osungira mphamvu (ESS) akuchulukirachulukira. ESS, makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a batri, nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ndi magwero ongowonjezwdwanso monga mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena mphepo ndikuthandizira kusungirako mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magwerowa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Muyezo wapano wa US ANSI wa UPS ndi UL 1778, Muyezo wa Uninterruptible Power Systems. ndi CSA-C22.2 No. 107.3 ya Canada. UL 9540, Standard for Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, ndi muyezo wadziko la America ndi Canada wa ESS. Ngakhale zinthu zonse zokhwima za UPS komanso ESS yomwe ikukula mwachangu imakhala ndi zofanana pamayankho aukadaulo, magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhazikitsa, pali kusiyana kwakukulu. Pepalali liwunikanso kusiyanitsa kofunikira, kufotokoza zofunikira zachitetezo chazinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chilichonse ndikulongosola mwachidule momwe ma code akusinthira pakukhazikitsa mitundu yonse iwiriyi.

KuyambitsaUPS

Mapangidwe

Dongosolo la UPS ndi makina amagetsi opangidwa kuti azipereka mphamvu zosinthira kwakanthawi zotengera katundu wofunikira pakagwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi kapena njira zina zolephereka. UPS imakulitsidwa kuti ipereke kupitiliza kwanthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zodziwikiratu kwa nthawi inayake. Izi zimalola gwero lachiwiri lamagetsi, mwachitsanzo, jenereta, kubwera pa intaneti ndikupitilizabe kusunga mphamvu. UPS ikhoza kutseka motetezeka katundu wosafunikira pamene ikupitiriza kupereka mphamvu kuzinthu zofunika kwambiri. Machitidwe a UPS akhala akupereka chithandizo chofunikirachi pazochitika zosiyanasiyana kwa zaka zambiri. UPS idzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosungidwa kuchokera ku gwero lamphamvu lophatikizidwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala banki ya batri, supercapacitor kapena kusuntha kwamakina kwa flywheel ngati gwero lamphamvu.

UPS wamba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito banki ya batri kuti ipezeke imakhala ndi zigawo izi:

Rectifier/chaja - Gawo ili la UPS limatenga ma mains a AC, kuwongolera ndikupanga magetsi a DC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipiritsa mabatire.

• Inverter - Pakachitika kulephera kwa mains, inverter idzasintha mphamvu ya DC yosungidwa m'mabatire kuti ikhale yoyera yamagetsi ya AC yoyenera zida zothandizira.

• Transfer switch - Chipangizo chosinthira chodziwikiratu komanso chanthawi yomweyo chomwe chimasamutsa mphamvu kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, mains, UPS inverter ndi jenereta, kupita kumalo ovuta.

• Banki ya batri - Imasunga mphamvu zofunikira kuti UPS igwire ntchito yomwe ikufuna.

Miyezo yamakono kwa machitidwe a UPS

• Muyezo waposachedwa wa US ANSI wa UPS ndi UL 1778/C22.2 No. 107.3, Standard for Uninterruptible Power Systems, yomwe imatanthawuza UPS ngati "kuphatikiza zosinthira, zosinthira, ndi zida zosungira mphamvu (monga mabatire) zomwe zimapanga mphamvu. dongosolo lothandizira kupitiliza kwa mphamvu pakulemetsa ngati mphamvu yakulowa ikulephera."

• Pansi pa chitukuko pali mitundu yatsopano ya IEC 62040-1 ndi IEC 62477-1. UL/CSA 62040-1 (pogwiritsa ntchito UL/CSA 62477-1 ngati Mulingo wolozera) idzagwirizana ndi miyezo imeneyi.

Kuyambitsa kusungirako mphamvu machitidwe (ESS)

Ma ESS akupeza njira ngati yankho ku zovuta zingapo zomwe zikukumana ndi kupezeka ndi

kudalirika pamsika wamakono wamagetsi. ESS, makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a batri, amathandizira kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa magwero ongowonjezedwanso monga mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena mphepo. ESS ndi gwero lamphamvu yodalirika panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri ndipo imatha kuthandizira pakuwongolera katundu, kusinthasintha kwamagetsi ndi ntchito zina zokhudzana ndi grid. ESS imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofunikira, zamalonda, zamafakitale komanso zogona.

Miyezo yamakono ya ESS

UL 9540, Standard for Energy Storage Systems and Equipment, ndi muyezo wadziko la America ndi Canada wa ESS.

• Yosindikizidwa koyamba mu 2016, UL 9540 imaphatikizapo matekinoloje angapo a ESS kuphatikiza makina osungira mphamvu ya batri (BESS). UL 9540 imakhudzanso matekinoloje ena osungira: ESS yamakina, mwachitsanzo, kusungirako kwa flywheel komwe kumaphatikizidwa ndi jenereta, mankhwala a ESS, mwachitsanzo, kusungirako ma hydrogen ophatikizidwa ndi makina amafuta amafuta, ndi matenthedwe a ESS, mwachitsanzo, kusungirako kutentha komwe kumakhala kophatikizidwa ndi jenereta.
• UL 9540, kope lake lachiwiri limatanthauzira njira yosungiramo mphamvu ngati "Zida zomwe zimalandira mphamvu ndiyeno zimapereka njira yosungira mphamvuzo mwanjira ina kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pake kuti zipereke mphamvu zamagetsi zikafunika." Kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa UL 9540 kumafunikanso kuti BESS ikhale pansi pa UL 9540A, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation mu Battery Energy Storage Systems, ngati pakufunika kukumana ndi zosiyana ndi ma code.
• UL 9540 pakadali pano ili m'gulu lake lachitatu.

Kufananiza ESS ndi UPS

Ntchito ndi kukula

ESS ndi yofanana pakumanga kwa UPS koma imasiyana pamagwiritsidwe ake. Monga UPS, ESS imaphatikizapo njira yosungiramo mphamvu monga mabatire, zida zosinthira mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, ma inverters, ndi zamagetsi ndi zowongolera zina. Mosiyana ndi UPS, komabe, ESS imatha kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi gululi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyendetsa njinga kwambiri kuposa momwe UPS ingachitire. ESS imatha kugwirizana molumikizana ndi gridi kapena moyimilira, kapena zonse ziwiri, kutengera mtundu wamagetsi osinthika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. ESS imatha kugwira ntchito ngati UPS. Monga UPS, ESS imatha kubwera mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku kanyumba kakang'ono komwe kamakhala kosakwana 20 kWh yamphamvu kuti igwiritse ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito makina amagetsi amagetsi ambiri okhala ndi mabatire angapo mkati mwa chidebe.

Chemical zikuchokera ndi chitetezo

Ma batri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku UPS nthawi zonse amakhala mabatire a lead-acid kapena nickel-cadmium. Mosiyana ndi UPS, BESS imagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje monga mabatire a lithiamu-ion kuyambira pachiyambi chifukwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion ali ndi ntchito yabwino yozungulira komanso kachulukidwe kamphamvu kamphamvu, zomwe zimatha kupereka mphamvu zambiri pamapazi ang'onoang'ono. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion alinso ndi zofunika zocheperako pakukonza kuposa matekinoloje achikhalidwe a batire. Koma pakadali pano, mabatire a lithiamu-ion akugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito UPS.

Komabe, ngozi yowopsa ku Arizona mu 2019 yokhudzana ndi ESS yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zofunikira idadzetsa kuvulala koopsa kwa angapo oyamba omwe adayankha ndikukopa chidwi cha omwe akukhudzidwa nawo, kuphatikiza owongolera ndi mabungwe a inshuwaransi. Kuonetsetsa kuti gawo lomwe likukulali silikusokonezedwa ndi zochitika zachitetezo zomwe zingapeweke, zofunikira ndi miyezo yoyenera iyenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa ESS. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zoyenera zachitetezo ndi miyezo ya ESS, US Department of Energy (DOE) idakhazikitsa msonkhano woyamba wapachaka pa ESS Safety and Reliability mu 2015.

Msonkhano woyamba wa DOE ESS unathandizira ntchito yambiri pazitsulo ndi miyezo ya ESS. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha NEC No. 706 ndi chitukuko cha NFPA 855, muyezo wosungira mphamvu zosungira mphamvu, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji machitidwe a mabatire a ICC IFC ndi NFPA 1. Lero, NEC ndi NFPA 855 zakhala nazo zasinthidwanso pamitundu ya 2023.

Mkhalidwe wapano wa ESS ndi UPS miyezo

Cholinga cha ntchito zonse zachitukuko cha malamulo ndi miyezo ndikuwongolera mokwanira chitetezo cha machitidwewa. Tsoka ilo, miyezo yamakono yapangitsa chisokonezo m'makampani.

1.NFPA 855. Chikalata chofunikira chokhudza kuyika kwa BESS ndi UPS ndi mtundu wa 2020 wa NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems. NFPA 855 imatanthawuza kusungirako mphamvu ngati "gulu la chipangizo chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimatha kusunga mphamvu kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'tsogolo kuzinthu zamagetsi, ma grids, kapena grid thandizo." Kutanthauzira uku kumaphatikizapo mapulogalamu a UPS ndi ESS. Kuonjezera apo, NFPA 855 ndi zizindikiro zamoto zimafuna kuti ma ESS awonedwe ndi kutsimikiziridwa ku UL 9540. Komabe, UL 1778 yakhala muyeso wa chitetezo cha mankhwala ku UPS. Dongosololi lawunikidwa paokha kuti ligwirizane ndi zofunikira zachitetezo ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa kotetezeka. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa UL 9540 kwadzetsa chisokonezo pamakampani.

2. UL 9540A. UL 9540A imafuna kuyambira mulingo wa batri ndikuyesa sitepe ndi sitepe mpaka kudutsa mulingo woyika. Zofunikira izi zimapangitsa kuti machitidwe a UPS azitsatira miyezo yamalonda yomwe sinafunikire m'mbuyomu.

3.UL 1973. UL 1973 ndiye muyeso wa chitetezo cha batri kwa ESS ndi UPS. Komabe, mtundu wa UL 1973-2018 suphatikiza zoyeserera za mabatire a lead-acid, zomwe ndizovutanso kwa machitidwe a UPS pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wa batri monga mabatire a lead-acid.

Chidule

Pakadali pano, onse a NEC (National Electrical Code) ndi NFPA 855 akumveketsa matanthauzidwe awa.

• Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa 2023 wa NFPA 855 umamveketsa bwino kuti mabatire a lead-acid ndi nickel-cadmium (600 V kapena kuchepera) alembedwa mu UL 1973.
• Kuphatikiza apo, makina a batire a lead-acid omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndikuzindikiridwa molingana ndi UL 1778 safunikira kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi UL 9540 akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungira magetsi.

Pofuna kuthetsa vuto la kusowa kwa miyezo yoyesera ya mabatire a lead-acid ndi nickel-cadmium mu UL 1973, Zowonjezera H (Unikani njira zina zosinthira ma valve oyendetsedwa ndi ma valve kapena otulutsa lead-acid kapena nickel-cadmium) kope lachitatu la UL 1973 lomwe linatulutsidwa mu February 2022.

Zosinthazi zikuyimira chitukuko chabwino kuti tisiyanitse zofunikira zoyika bwino za UPS ndi ESS. Ntchito inanso ikuphatikiza kukonzanso Article 480 ya NEC kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira pakukhazikitsa matekinoloje ena kupatula lead-acid ndi nickel-cadmium. Kuphatikiza apo, muyezo wa NFPA 855 uyenera kusinthidwanso kuti umveketse bwino malamulo oteteza moto, makamaka okhudza matekinoloje osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimilira, kaya ndi UPS kapena ESS.

Wolemba akuyembekeza kuti kusintha kosalekeza kudzapititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha mafakitale, mosasamala kanthu kuti UPS kapena ESS yachikhalidwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene tikuwona njira zosungiramo mphamvu zikuchulukirachulukira m'njira zazikulu komanso zachangu, kuthana ndi chitetezo chamkati mwazinthu ndikofunikira kuti titsegule luso lachitetezo ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu.