Mbiri

Ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mafakitale, mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga. Zinthuzi zimatha kuwononga chilengedwe panthawi yopanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutulutsa, zomwe zimasokoneza kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe. Mankhwala ena okhala ndi carcinogenic, mutagenic, ndi poizoni amatha kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana pakanthawi yayitali, zomwe zingawononge thanzi la munthu.

Chifukwa chake, monga kulimbikitsa chitetezo chamayiko padziko lonse lapansi, European Union (EU) yakhala ikuchitapo kanthu ndikukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa zinthu zina zovulaza kwinaku ikulimbikitsa kuwunika ndi kuyang'anira mankhwala kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi anthu. EU ipitiliza kukonzanso ndikuwongolera malamulo ndi malamulo poyankha zovuta zachilengedwe ndi zaumoyo pomwe sayansi ndiukadaulo zikupita patsogolo komanso kuzindikira kwanzeru. Pansipa pali mawu oyambira okhudzana ndi malamulo/malangizo okhudzana ndi zinthu za mankhwala a EU.

RoHS Directive

2011/65/EU Directive pa zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zowopsa pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi(RoHS Directive) ndimandatory malangizozopangidwa ndi EU. Dongosolo la RoHS limakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi (EEE), ndicholinga choteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndikulimbikitsa kukonzanso ndi kutaya zinyalala za zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi.

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito

Zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zokhala ndi voteji osapitilira 1000V AC kapena 1500V DCzikuphatikiza, koma sizimangokhala, magulu awa:

zida zazikulu zapakhomo, zida zazing'ono zapakhomo, ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndi zida zolumikizirana, zida za ogula, zida zowunikira, zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, zidole ndi zida zamasewera osangalatsa, zida zamankhwala, zida zowunikira (kuphatikiza zowunikira mafakitale), ndi makina ogulitsa.

Chofunikira

Dongosolo la RoHS limafuna kuti zinthu zoletsedwa pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zisapitirire malire ake. Zambiri ndi izi:

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Opanga akuyenera kupereka chilengezo chotsatira, kupanga zolemba zaukadaulo, ndikuyika chizindikiro cha CE pazogulitsa kuti ziwonetse kuti zikutsatira RoHS Directive.Zolemba zaukadaulo ziyenera kukhala ndi malipoti owunikira zinthu, mabilu azinthu, zolengeza za ogulitsa, ndi zina zotere. Opanga akuyenera kusunga zolemba zaukadaulo ndi chilengezo cha EU kuti chikugwirizana kwazaka zosachepera 10 zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zitayikidwa pamsika kuti zikonzekere kuyang'anira msika. cheke. Zogulitsa zomwe sizitsatira malamulowa zitha kukumbukiridwa.

REACH Regulation

(EC) No 1907/2006MALAMULO okhudza Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), lomwe ndi lamulo lokhudza kulembetsa, kuyesa, kuvomereza, ndi kuletsa kwamankhwala, likuyimira gawo lalikulu la malamulo oyendetsera EU kasamalidwe ka mankhwala omwe amalowa pamsika wake. Lamulo la REACH likufuna kuwonetsetsa chitetezo chambiri paumoyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe, kulimbikitsa njira zina zowunika kuopsa kwa zinthu, kuwongolera kufalikira kwazinthu pamsika wamkati, ndikupititsa patsogolo mpikisano komanso luso.Zigawo zazikulu za REACH regulation zikuphatikiza kulembetsa, kuwunika,chilolezo, ndi kuletsa.

Kulembetsa

Wopanga aliyense kapena wogulitsa kunja yemwe amapanga kapena kuitanitsa mankhwala mu kuchuluka kwakekupitirira 1 ton/chakachofunika kuperekani zolemba zaukadaulo ku European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) kuti mukalembetse. Za zinthukupitirira matani 10 / chaka, kuyezetsa kwa chitetezo cha mankhwala kuyeneranso kuchitidwa, ndipo lipoti lachitetezo cha mankhwala liyenera kumalizidwa.

• Ngati chinthu chili ndi Zinthu Zodetsa Kwambiri (SVHC) ndipo kuchuluka kwake kupitilira 0.1% (pa kulemera kwake), wopanga kapena wotumiza kunja ayenera kupereka Satifiketi Yachitetezo (SDS) kwa ogwiritsa ntchito pansi ndikutumiza zambiri ku database ya SCIP.
• Ngati kuchuluka kwa SVHC kupitilira kulemera kwa 0.1% ndipo kuchuluka kwake kupitilira 1 tonne/chaka, wopanga kapena wotumiza kunja kwa nkhaniyo ayeneranso kudziwitsa ECHA.
• Ngati kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zalembetsedwa kapena kudziwitsidwa zikufika pamlingo wotsatira wa matani, wopanga kapena wotumiza kunja ayenera kupereka ECHA mwachangu ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zimafunikira pamlingo wa mataniwo.

Kuwunika

Njira yowunikirayi ili ndi magawo awiri: kuwunika kwa dossier ndi kuwunika kwazinthu.

Kuwunika kwa dossier kumatanthawuza njira yomwe ECHA imawunikira zambiri zaukadaulo, zofunikira zazidziwitso, kuwunika kwachitetezo chamankhwala, ndi malipoti achitetezo chamankhwala operekedwa ndi mabizinesi kuti adziwe ngati akutsata zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Ngati sakukwaniritsa zofunikira, bizinesiyo imayenera kupereka zofunikira pakanthawi kochepa. ECHA imasankha osachepera 20% ya mafayilo opitilira matani 100 / chaka kuti awonedwe chaka chilichonse.

Kuwunika kwazinthu ndi njira yodziwira zoopsa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha mankhwala ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza kuwunika kwawo kwa kawopsedwe, njira zowonekera, mawonekedwe owonekera, komanso kuvulaza komwe kungachitike. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, ECHA ikupanga dongosolo lowunika lazaka zitatu. Akuluakulu oyenerera amawunika zinthu molingana ndi dongosololi ndikufotokozera zotsatira zake.

Chilolezo

Cholinga cha chilolezo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti msika wamkati ukuyenda bwino, kuti kuwopsa kwa SVHC kumayendetsedwa bwino komanso kuti zinthu izi zimasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zinthu zina kapena matekinoloje oyenera azachuma komanso mwaukadaulo. Zofunsira zovomerezeka ziyenera kutumizidwa ku European Environmental Agency limodzi ndi fomu yofunsira chilolezo. Gulu la SVHC limaphatikizapo magulu awa:

(1) Zinthu za CMR: Zinthu ndi carcinogenic, mutagenic komanso poizoni pakubereka

(2) Zinthu za PBT: Zinthu ndizomwe zimapitilira, bioaccumulative ndi poizoni (PBT)

(3) vPvB zinthu: Zinthu zimalimbikira kwambiri komanso zimakhala ndi bioaccumulative

(4) Zinthu zina zomwe zili ndi umboni wasayansi kuti zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa thanzi la munthu kapena chilengedwe.

Kuletsa

ECHA idzaletsa kupanga kapena kuitanitsa katundu kapena nkhani ku EU ngati ikuwona kuti njira yopangira, kupanga, kuyika pa msika imayambitsa chiopsezo ku thanzi laumunthu ndi chilengedwe chomwe sichikhoza kuyendetsedwa mokwanira.Zinthu kapena zolemba zomwe zili mu Mndandanda wa Zinthu Zoletsedwa (REACH Appendix XVII) zikuyenera kutsata zoletsa zisanapangidwe, kupangidwa kapena kuyikidwa pamsika ku EU, ndipo zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zidzakumbukiridwa.kulangidwa.

Pakadali pano, zofunika za REACH Annex XVII zikuphatikizidwa mu EU's Battery Regulation yatsopano.. To kulowetsa mumsika wa EU, ndikofunikira kutsatira zofunikira za REACH Annex XVII.

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Lamulo la REACH pakadali pano silili muulamuliro wa CE, ndipo palibe zofunikira pakutsimikizira certification kapena chizindikiro cha CE. Komabe, European Union Market Supervision and Administration Agency nthawi zonse imayang'ana zinthu zomwe zili mumsika wa EU nthawi zonse, ndipo ngati sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira za REACH, adzakumana ndi chiopsezo chokumbukiridwa.

POPsMalamulo

(EU) 2019/1021 Kuwongolera pa Zowonongeka Zosalekeza za Organic, yotchedwa POPs Regulation, cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa zinthuzi ndikuteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe kuti zisawonongeke poletsa kapena kuletsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe zomwe zikupitilira. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ndi zowononga zachilengedwe zomwe zimapitilira, zochulukirapo, zosasunthika, komanso zapoizoni kwambiri, zomwe zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali zomwe zimayika chiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe kudzera mumlengalenga, madzi, ndi zamoyo.

Lamulo la POPs limagwira ntchito pazinthu zonse, zosakaniza, ndi zolemba mu EU.Imatchula zinthu zomwe zikuyenera kuyendetsedwa ndikutchula njira zowongolera ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu. Imaperekanso njira zochepetsera ndikuwongolera kumasulidwa kapena kutulutsa kwawo. Kuonjezera apo, lamuloli limakhudzanso kasamalidwe ndi kutaya zinyalala zomwe zili ndi POPs, kuonetsetsa kuti zigawo za POPs zikuwonongeka kapena kusintha kosasinthika, kotero kuti zinyalala zotsalira ndi mpweya siziwonetsanso makhalidwe a POPs.

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Zofanana ndi REACH, umboni wotsatira ndi kulemba zilembo za CE sizikufunika pakadali pano, koma zoletsazo ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa.

Battery Directive

2006/66/EC Directive pa mabatire ndi ma accumulators ndi mabatire a zinyalala ndi ma accumulators(lotchedwa Battery Directive), limagwira ntchito ku mitundu yonse ya mabatire ndi zowonjezerera, kusiyapo zida zokhudzana ndi chitetezo chofunikira cha Mayiko a Mayiko a EU ndi zida zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mumlengalenga. Dongosololi limafotokoza za kakhazikitsidwe pamsika wa mabatire ndi ma accumulators, komanso makonzedwe apadera a kusonkhanitsa, kuchiritsa, kubwezeretsa ndi kutaya mabatire a zinyalala.TDirective wakeakuyembekezeka kukhalaidachotsedwa pa Ogasiti 18, 2025.

Chofunikira

1. Mabatire onse ndi ma accumulators omwe amaikidwa pamsika ndi zinthu za mercury (polemera) kuposa 0.0005% ndizoletsedwa.
2. Mabatire onse osunthika ndi ma accumulators omwe amayikidwa pamsika okhala ndi cadmium (polemera) kuposa 0.002 % ndizoletsedwa.
3. Mfundo ziwiri zomwe zili pamwambazi sizikugwira ntchito pazitsulo zadzidzidzi (kuphatikizapo kuyatsa kwadzidzidzi) ndi zipangizo zachipatala.
4. Mabizinesi akulimbikitsidwa kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe chonse cha mabatire pa nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo, ndikupanga mabatire ndi ma accumulators okhala ndi lead yochepa, mercury, cadmium ndi zinthu zina zowopsa.
5. Mayiko Amembala a EU apanga mapulani oyenerera osonkhanitsira mabatire a zinyalala, ndipo opanga/ogawa adzalembetsa ndikupereka ntchito zaulere zotolera mabatire m'maiko omwe akugulitsako. Ngati chinthucho chili ndi batri, wopanga ake amaonedwanso ngati wopanga batri.

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Mabatire onse, ma accumulators, ndi mapaketi a batire akuyenera kulembedwa chizindikiro chodutsana, ndipo mphamvu ya mabatire onse osunthika ndi agalimoto ndi ma accumulators aziwonetsedwa pa lebulo.Mabatire ndi ma accumulators omwe ali ndi cadmium yopitilira 0.002 % kapena lead wopitilira 0.004 % azilemba chizindikiro chamankhwala choyenera (Cd kapena Pb) ndipo aziphimba gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a gawo la chizindikirocho.Chizindikirocho chiziwoneka bwino, chowoneka bwino komanso chosatha. Kuphimba ndi miyeso iyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira.

Logo ya Dustbin

Malangizo a WEEE

2012/19/EU Directive pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi(WEEE) ndiulamuliro wofunikira wa EUKusonkhanitsa ndi chithandizo cha WEEE. Imakhazikitsa njira zotetezera chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu poletsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa za kupanga ndi kasamalidwe ka WEEE komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika popititsa patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu.

Kuchuluka kwa Ntchito

Zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zokhala ndi voteji yosapitilira 1000V AC kapena 1500V DC, kuphatikiza mitundu iyi:

Zida zosinthira kutentha, zowonetsera, zowonetsera ndi zida zokhala ndi zowonetsera (zokhala ndi malo okulirapo kuposa 100 cm2), zida zazikulu (zokhala ndi miyeso yakunja yopitilira 50cm), zida zazing'ono (zokhala ndi miyeso yakunja yosapitilira 50cm), ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndi zida zamatelefoni ( ndi miyeso yakunja yosapitirira 50cm).

Chofunikira

1. Directive ikufuna kuti Mayiko Amembala achitepo kanthu polimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchitonso, kusokoneza ndi kukonzanso kwa WEEE ndi zigawo zake molingana ndiZofunikira za eco-designya Directive 2009/125/EC; opanga sangalepheretse kugwiritsanso ntchito WEEE kudzera m'mapangidwe ake kapena njira zopangira, kupatula ngati mwapadera.
2. Mayiko omwe ali mamembala azichita zinthu zoyenerakukonza bwino ndikusonkhanitsa WEEE, kupereka patsogolo zipangizo zosinthira kutentha zomwe zili ndi zinthu zowononga ozoni ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa fluorinated, nyali za fulorosenti zomwe zimakhala ndi mercury, mapanelo a photovoltaic ndi zipangizo zazing'ono. Mayiko omwe ali mamembala awonetsetsanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo ya "udindo wa opanga", wofuna kuti makampani akhazikitse malo obwezeretsanso kuti akwaniritse chiwongola dzanja chochepa pachaka potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zosanjidwa WEEE ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino.
3. Mabizinesi akugulitsa zinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ku EU azilembetsedwa kumayiko omwe ali membala omwe akufuna kuti agulidwe molingana ndi zofunikira.
4. Zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ziyenera kulembedwa ndi zizindikiro zofunika, zomwe ziyenera kuwoneka bwino komanso zosatha mosavuta kunja kwa zipangizo.
5. Dongosololi likufuna kuti Mayiko Amembala akhazikitse njira zolimbikitsira ndi zilango zoyenera kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomwe zili mu Directive zitha kukwaniritsidwa mokwanira.

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Chizindikiro cha WEEE ndi chofanana ndi cholembera cha batri, zonse zomwe zimafuna kuti "chizindikiro chosonkhanitsira chosiyana" (chizindikiro cha dustbin) chizindike, ndipo kukula kwake kungatanthauze kuwongolera kwa batri.

ELV Directive

2000/53/ECDirective pa Mapeto a magalimoto amoyo(ELV Directive)chimakwirira magalimoto onse ndi magalimoto otsiriza, kuphatikizapo zigawo zake ndi zipangizo.Cholinga chake ndi kuteteza kubadwa kwa zinyalala kuchokera ku magalimoto, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kubwezeretsanso magalimoto otsiriza ndi zigawo zake komanso kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe kwa onse ogwira ntchito omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka moyo wa magalimoto.

Chofunikira

1. Pazipita ndende mfundo polemera mu zipangizo homogeneous sayenera upambana 0.1% kwa lead, hexavalent chromium ndi mercury, ndi 0.01% kwa cadmium. Magalimoto ndi magawo awo omwe amapitilira malire opitilira ndende ndipo sali m'gulu la anthu osakhululukidwa sizimayikidwa pamsika.
2. Mapangidwe ndi kupanga magalimoto ayenera kuganizira mozama za kuthyola, kugwiritsiridwanso ntchito ndi kukonzanso magalimoto ndi magawo ake atachotsedwa, ndipo zida zambiri zobwezerezedwanso zitha kuphatikizidwa.
3. Ogwira ntchito pazachuma adzakhazikitsa njira zosonkhanitsira magalimoto onse omaliza ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, zinyalala zobwera chifukwa chokonza magalimoto. Magalimoto omalizira adzatsagana ndi chiphaso cha chiwonongeko ndikusamutsidwa kumalo ovomerezeka ochizira. Opanga adzapereka zidziwitso zochotsa ndi zina mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi atayika galimoto pamsika ndipo azinyamula zonse kapena ndalama zambiri za kusonkhanitsa, kuchiritsa ndi kubwezeretsa magalimoto omaliza.
4. Mayiko mamembala adzachitapo kanthu kuti awonetsetse kuti ogwira ntchito pazachuma akhazikitsa njira zokwanira zosonkhanitsira magalimoto omaliza ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zofananira ndikugwiritsanso ntchito ndikubwezeretsanso komanso kuti kusungirako ndikusamalira magalimoto onse omaliza. ikani molingana ndi zofunikira zochepa zaukadaulo.

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Lamulo lapano la ELV laphatikizidwa ndi zofunikira za lamulo latsopano la batire la EU. Ngati ndi batire yagalimoto yamagalimoto, imayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ELV ndi lamulo la batire chizindikiro cha CE chisanayikidwe.

Mapeto

Pomaliza, EU ili ndi zoletsa zambiri pamankhwala kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa komanso kuteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Njira zotsatizanazi zakhudza kwambiri makampani a batri, zomwe zimalimbikitsa chitukuko cha zipangizo za batri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe komanso kulimbikitsa luso lamakono ndi chitukuko, komanso kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha ogula zinthu zoyenera ndikufalitsa lingaliro lachitukuko chokhazikika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zobiriwira. Pamene malamulo ndi malamulo oyenerera akupitirizabe kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zoyendetsera bwino, pali zifukwa zokhulupirira kuti makampani a batri adzapitirizabe kukhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso okonda zachilengedwe.