Mbiri

Life cycle assessment (LCA) ndi chida choyezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chinthu, luso lopanga. Chidacho chimayeza kuyambira pakutolera zinthu mpaka kupanga, kunyamula, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo pamapeto pake mpaka kutayika komaliza. LCA idakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1970s.

l Bungwe la Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) limatanthauzira SETAC ngati njira yowunikira momwe zinthu, kupanga ndi zochita zimakhudzira chilengedwe powunika kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kutulutsa zinyalala.

l Mu 1997, ISO idatulutsa mndandanda wa ISO 14000, ndikutanthauzira LCA ngati kuphatikiza ndikuwunika zomwe zalowa, zotuluka ndi zomwe zingakhudze chilengedwe chazomwe zimapangidwira munthawi yonse ya moyo wake. Kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito chuma, thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. ISO 14040 imatanthawuza zoyambira ndi chimango, ndipo ISO 14044 imatanthauzira zofunikira ndi chitsogozo.

Kuwunika kwa LCA kuli ndi magawo 4:

1) cholinga ndi kuchuluka. Izi ndizokhudza cholinga cha kafukufuku, malire a dongosolo, ndi gawo liti lomwe lasankhidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito, komanso zofunikira pa data.

2) Kusanthula kwazinthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kutaya.

3) Kuunika kwamphamvu. Uku ndikusanthula zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe.

4) Kutanthauzira. Uku ndikumaliza kuwunika ndikusanthula zotsatira.

Cholinga ndi kuchuluka

Cholinga cha phunziro

Cholinga cha maphunziro ndi poyambira LCA. Uku ndikuwunika bwino momwe kachitidwe kachitidwe kachitidwe, komanso kumathandizira kutsimikizira chilengedwe kuti ndi yabwino kwa dongosolo kuti mulembetse chiphaso chobiriwira.

Malire a dongosolo

Malire a dongosolo akuyenera kukhala ndi magawo otsatirawa a kayendedwe ka moyo ndi njira zoyenera (Pansipa pali malire amagetsi a batri)

Izi zimatchedwa cradle-to-grave. Cradle amatanthauza chiyambi, kutanthauza kupeza kwa zipangizo. Manda amatanthauza mathero, kutanthauza kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsanso.

Chigawo cha ntchito

Function unit ndi mulingo wowerengera zolowetsa ndi zotuluka panthawi yamoyo wadongosolo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala magawo awiri ogwira ntchito. Imodzi ndi kulemera (unit: kg), ina ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (unit: kWh). Ngati titenga mphamvu ngati gawo, ndiye kuti mphamvuyi imatanthauzidwa ngati mphamvu zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi batri mumayendedwe ake. Mphamvu zonse zimawerengedwa pochulukitsa nthawi yozungulira komanso mphamvu ya mkombero uliwonse.

Ubwino wa data

Mu kafukufuku wa LCA, kuchuluka kwa data kumakhudza zotsatira za LCA. Choncho tiyenera kufotokoza ndi kufotokozera deta yomwe tinatengera pa phunziroli.

Kuwunika kwazinthu

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) ndiye maziko a LCA. Tiyenera kuwerengera zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa zinthu, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu, ndi utsi. Zothandizira pano zikuphatikiza migodi, kukonza, kugulitsa zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito, zoyendera, kusungirako, kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsanso, moyo wonse. Mphamvuyi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, chemistry ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Kutulutsa kumaphatikizapo kuipitsa, kutentha ndi ma radiation.

(1) Khazikitsani dongosolo lachitsanzo potengera malire a machitidwe omwe amafotokozedwa muzolinga ndi kukula kwake.

(2) Sonkhanitsani zidziwitso zoyenera, monga zinthu zomwe zili munjira iliyonse, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, zoyendera, zotulutsa, ndi nkhokwe yakumtunda.

(3) Kuwerengera umuna malinga ndi ntchito unit.

Kuwunika kwa Impact

Life cycle impact assessment (LCA) imachitika potengera kusanthula kwazinthu. LCIA imaphatikizapo magawo okhudzidwa, magawo, mawonekedwe, kugawa zotsatira, kuwerengera magawo amagulu (makhalidwe ndi kukhazikika).

Magawo owunikira zotsatira za LCA ndi awa:

• Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu za Abiotic kuyenera kukhala kofunika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyambira kale. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu za abiotic ndizogwirizana ndi kuyengedwa kwa ore pakulowetsa dongosolo. Chigawochi ndi kg Sb eq. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa abiotic kwamafuta amafuta kumayenderana ndi mtengo wa kutentha. Pulogalamuyi ndi MJ.
• Mtengo wa kutentha kwa dziko. Gulu la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) linapanga njira yodziwika bwino yowerengera zinthu zodziwika bwino. Zinthu zodziwika zikuyimira kuthekera kwa kutentha kwa dziko kwa zaka 100. Chigawochi ndi kg CO₂eq.
• Ozone sphere kutha mtengo womwe ungakhalepo. Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa ndi Global Meteorological Organization. Zimatanthawuza kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwa ozone kwa mpweya wosiyanasiyana. Chigawochi ndi kg CFC-11 eq.
• Photochemical ozone. Chigawo chake ndi kg C₂H₂eq.
• Acidification. Imayimira kuthekera kwa umuna poyesa SO₂pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya umuna. Chigawo chake ndi kg SO₂eq.
• Eutrophication. Chigawo chake ndi kg PO₄eq.
• Kutanthauzira
• Kutanthauzira ndi gawo lomaliza la LCA. Kuphatikizira cholinga ndi kuchuluka kwake, kusanthula kwazinthu ndi kuwunika momwe zimakhudzira, titha kukhala ndi kuwunika kwathunthu kwa chinthu, ndikupeza muyeso wowongolera kupanga kapena kutulutsa kwa moyo wonse. Mwachitsanzo, titha kulimbikitsa kupanga zinthu zopangira, kusintha kusankha kwazinthu zopangira, kulimbikitsa kukonza kwazinthu, kusintha mtundu wa mphamvu, kukhathamiritsa zida zobwezeretsanso, ndi zina zambiri.

Mapeto

• Pali mitundu yambiri ya data yomwe ikukhudzidwa mu LCA. Ubwino ndi kukhulupirika kwa deta zidzakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zotsatira. Ngati titha kupanga nsanja yolondolera deta, momwe tingathe kutengera zinthu monga zida zazikulu ndi kupanga, ndikupanga nkhokwe yoyambira yobwezeretsanso, zidzachepetsa kwambiri zovuta za certification ya carbon footprint.
• Pofuna kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon, pali njira zotsatirazi: 1. Pangani zida za batri kuti zipititse patsogolo kachulukidwe wa mphamvu ndi moyo wozungulira. Izi zidzachepetsa mpweya wa carbon. 2. Poyerekeza ndi batri ya lithiamu-ion, batri ya sodium-ion ili ndi mphamvu zochepa pa chilengedwe. 3. Batire yolimba imakhala ndi mpweya wochepa wa carbon kuposa batri ya lithiamu-ion panthawi yopanga. 4. Zinthu zobwezeretsanso ndi kupanganso kungathenso kupititsa patsogolo kuipitsa ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon.